Trial Information

A Hospital-Based Case-Control Study of Non-Smoking Women in Xuan Wei and Fu Yua, China: PAH Exposure, Genetic Susceptibility, and Lung Cancer

Females in Xuan Wei County are almost all non-smokers, yet they have the highest lung cancer
rate in China. Non-smoking women in Xuan Wei who use smoky coal in their home can inhale ten
times higher levels of PAHs than a 20 cigarette per day active smoker, and air
concentrations approach levels experienced by workers on the top-side of coke ovens.
Several lines of research have provided strong support that the excess lung cancer in this
region is caused primarily by PAHs derived from smoky coal exposure. As such, this region
of China provides one of the best opportunities in the world to carry out a model study of
gene-environment interactions in lung cancer. We have designed a hospital-based
case-control study of 500 lung cancer cases and 500 controls among non-smoking women, with
controls to be selected through a randomized recruitment design to achieve balance for the
main effects of smoky coal exposure and ultimately greater power to detect interactions.
The study will be carried out over a three-year period in Xuan Wei and Fu Yuan Counties in
Yun Nan Province, China. In addition, we will be carrying out an exposure assessment study
(n=150 households) to evaluate air and dermal exposure to PAHs from smoky coal use in order
to model PAH exposure experienced by subjects in the case-control study. We will collect
buccal cell, sputum, blood, and urine samples from all subjects. The primary goal of the
study is to characterize genetic risk factors at the DNA level for lung cancer in this
population and determine how they interact with smoky coal and PAH exposure. In addition,
the hospital-based design will enable us to collect venous blood samples and cryopreserve
lymphocytes, which will allow us to carry out state-of-the-art functional susceptibility
assays such as testing ability to repair PAH-damaged DNA and apoptotic capacity, and to
measure integrative markers of genomic stability such as telomere length and oxidative
damage in mitochondrial DNA. These types of assays have never been conducted in this
population and hold great promise to provide insights into cancer risk that will compliment
those obtained by genotyping. This study will provide an important complement to and
contrast with both DCEG and extramural studies of tobacco smoking and lung cancer, where
unraveling the genetic component is challenging in part because hundreds of tobacco
carcinogens in various combinations likely contribute.