Inclusion Criteria:

Inclusion criteria were as follows: women who had myoma-related symptoms such as
menorrhagia, pelvic pressure/pain, or infertility; women who were not pregnant at the time
of presentation (i.e., negative for urine pregnancy test or last menstrual period within
the last 4 weeks); and women who were appropriated medical status for laparoscopic surgery
(American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification 1 or 2).

Exclusion Criteria:

Exclusion criteria included any other uterine or adnexal abnormalities (e.g., abnormal
endometrial thickness, and suspected ovarian or uterine malignancy), any sign of genital
infection, presence of submucosal or pedunculated myoma as a dominant myoma, treatment of
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist 2 months before surgery, or an inability to
understand and provide written informed consent.