Partially HLA Mismatched (Haploidentical) Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation for Patients With Hematologic Malignancies
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is a potentially curative treatment for patients with
hematologic malignancies such as leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma who are at high risk of
relapse. As well as the potential to deliver high doses of chemotherapy or radiation this
procedure affords the benefit of an immunologic weapon against disease in the form of the
graft versus tumor effect.
The major variables affecting the outcome of allogeneic transplant include: patient
selection (age and comorbidities); disease status at the time of transplantation (remission
vs. active disease); type of donor (HLA matched vs. mismatched or related vs. unrelated);
type of conditioning regimen; source of stem cells (bone marrow vs. peripheral blood).
Recent advances in the field of stem cell transplant have substantially lowered transplant
related morbidity and mortality.
The availability of stem cell transplant as a treatment modality is dependent upon the
availability of a suitable donor. Best outcomes are thought to occur in HLA matched sibling
donors. The chance of a sibling being HLA matched is approximately 25%. Despite the
development of large worldwide donor registries the likelihood of finding an HLA matched
unrelated donor is 60-70% at best and drops to 10% in some ethnic minorities. In addition
the process of identifying, confirming and harvesting an unrelated donor is cumbersome and
time consuming at a time when the patient must proceed immediately to transplant (time from
initiation of search to identification of an unrelated donor identification takes a median
of 49 days). Therefore the development of alternative sources of hematopoietic stem cells is
an area of immense interest to many investigators.
Alternative sources include cord blood and HLA haploidentical donors. Cord blood has been an
attractive source permitting immediate availability and possibly a lower rate of graft
versus host disease (GVHD). However delay in engraftment, particularly after myeloablative
conditioning, remains a significant disadvantage. Haploidentical transplants carry some of
the same advantages with virtually all patients having immediate access to a suitable and
willing donor in the form of a partially HLA matched family member. Furthermore the number
of potential donors allows for donor selection based upon factors such as age, gender, KIR
alloreactivity. Finally the donor is readily available for future cellular therapies such as
donor lymphocyte infusion.
Early attempts at haploidentical transplantation were hampered by high rates of graft
failure and severe graft versus host disease. Recent advances in graft versus host disease
prophylaxis with post transplant high dose cyclophosphamide (Cy) have overcome these
barriers to a large degree. Published studies have shown that HLA-haploidentical bone marrow
transplant (BMT) after non-myeloablative conditioning and using 2 doses of
post-transplantation Cy followed by tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is a
well-tolerated procedure. However, the major cause of treatment failure in this high-risk
population was early relapse. As conditioning intensity has been clearly linked to rates of
relapse in multiple diseases, it is postulated that utilizing conditioning with higher
anti-tumor potential will lead to a lower relapse rate.
Given the advances in GVHD prophylaxis with post-transplantation Cy, reduced intensity
conditioning with Fludarabine, Busulfan and total body irradiation combined with high-dose
post-transplantation Cy is the platform for this study. The toxicities of this reduced
intensity conditioning regimen are not expected to differ substantially from previous data
incorporating post-transplantation Cy. However, this regimen may have higher anti-tumor
potential resulting in a decreased relapse rate.
Interventional
Endpoint Classification: Safety/Efficacy Study, Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment, Masking: Open Label, Primary Purpose: Treatment
Engraftment Rate
To estimate engraftment rates and incidence of full donor chimerism at Day 60 in patients undergoing an HLA haploidentical stem cell transplant with post transplant high dose cyclophosphamide.
Up to Day 60 post-transplant.
No
Pritesh Patel, MD
Principal Investigator
University of Illinois
United States: Institutional Review Board
2012-0170
NCT01749293
August 2012
August 2023
Name | Location |
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University of Illinois Cancer Center | Chicago, Illinois 60612-7243 |