Trial Information

Effectiveness of [124I]-PET/CT and [18F]-FDG-PET/CT for Localizing Recurrence in Patients With Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma Who Have Elevated Serum Thyroglobulin Levels But Are Tumor-negative on Conventional Imaging Studies

Patients with histologically proven DTC were studied. All patients had
previously undergone total thyroidectomy and more than one session of postoperative RI
therapy. More than 12 months of follow-up after the last RI therapy session, all patients
showed increasing pathological Tg levels (Tg > 9-10 ng/ml) after TSH stimulation (TSH > 30
mU/l). However, neither tumor recurrence nor metastasis could be detected in any patient by
post-therapeutic [131I] scanning, neck US, or chest radiography. Patients with obvious
cervical pathology or positive fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) were excluded from the
study. The work was approved by our Institutional Review Board and written informed consent
was obtained from each patient.

The study was prospectively designed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacies
of [18F]-FDG-PET/CT and [124I]-PET/CT in patients with elevated Tg levels, but who yielded
no pathological findings on conventional imaging. The [124I] radioisotope was supplied by
the Radiopharmaceutical Research Team of the Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical
Sciences (KIRAMS). All involved patients underwent a diagnostic [131I] scan,
[18F]-FDG-PET/CT, and [124I]-PET/CT. On the first day (D1) of the study, blood and urine
were collected for routine examination; to measure blood TSH, Tg, and anti-Tg antibody
levels; and to assess urine iodine excretion after 4 weeks of levothyroxine (LT4)
withdrawal. All patients had consumed a low-iodine diet for the prior 2 weeks, following
written instructions and assisted by a dietician. On the second day (D2) of the study, an
[131I] scan was obtained 48 h after administration of 74 MBq of [131I]. On day 10 (D10) of
the study, patients fasted for at least 4 h before examination, and were (intravenously)
given 370 MBq [18F]-FDG. All patients were instructed to rest comfortably for 60 min and to
empty the bladder before scanning. Whole-body PET/CT images were obtained using a Discovery
ST scanner (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI). Seven or eight frames (3 min/frame) of emission
PET data were acquired in the two-dimensional mode after noncontrast CT scans had been
performed from the base of the skull to the upper thigh (tube rotation time of 1 s per
revolution; 120 kV; 60 mA; 7.5 mm per rotation; and an acquisition time of 60.9 s for a scan
length of 867 mm). Emission PET images were reconstructed via non-contrast CT using an
iterative method (ordered-subsets expectation maximization with two iterations and 30
subsets; field of view 600 mm; slice thickness 3.27 mm). Attenuation-corrected PET/CT images
were reviewed on an Xeleris workstation (GE Healthcare). All images were independently
interpreted by two experienced nuclear medicine physicians and screened for "hot spots"
indicative of hypermetabolic abnormalities.

On day 11 (D11) of the study, 24 h after administration of an [124I] trace dose (74 MBq),
whole-body PET/CT scans were obtained using the Discovery ST scanner. First, a non-enhanced
CT scan was performed, from the base of the skull to the upper thigh (tube rotation time of
1 s per revolution; 140 kV; 80 mA; 3.75 mm per rotation; acquisition time of 23.9 s for a
scan length of 804 mm). Subsequently, seven or eight frames (5 min per frame) of emission
PET data were acquired in the two-dimensional mode and reconstructed via CT using an
iterative method (software from General Electric Medical Systems; ordered-subsets
expectation maximization with two iterations and 21 subsets; field of view 600 mm; slice
thickness 3.27 mm).

To ensure that the interpretation of [18F]-FDG-PET/CT and [124I]-PET/CT data
was performed under similar conditions, all physicians who initially read images of one type
were deliberately blinded to the results of the other type of imaging, and to patient
clinical data. This was achieved by ensuring that the interpreting physicians were not
involved in patient clinical care. Findings on [18F]-FDG-PET and [124I]-PET scanning were
compared with data from diagnostic and post-therapeutic [131I] scans. Moreover, the data
were compared with those of radiological imaging (US, CT, and MRI information), and/or those
of cytological investigation (FNAC), to confirm (or otherwise) the findings of the [131I]
scans, and those of both forms of PET/CT (using [18F]-FDG and [124I]). For each patient, the
presence or absence, and number and localization of any recurrent lesions (if present) were
determined. The data of both types of PET/CT scans were classified as follows: 1)
True-positive, if pathologic [18F]-FDG or [124I] uptake was proven by histology, cytology,
or other imaging techniques, and caused therapy to be changed; 2) False-positive, if no
pathologic [18F]-FDG or [124I] uptake was seen (such observations were of no clinical
consequence); 3) True-negative, if no [18F]-FDG or [124I] uptake was found and the patient
had neither an elevated Tg level nor any evidence of recurrence upon subsequent follow-up;
and, 4) False-negative if no [18F]-FDG or [124I] uptake was noted despite elevated Tg
levels, even if positive findings were obtained when other imaging methods were employed.