Trial Information

The Effects of L-carnitine on Fatigue in Spinal Cord Injury

This is a non-concurrent, multiple baseline single subject research design. This pilot study
will treat 4 SCI subjects with L-Carnitine, and track the progress of their fatigue prior
to, during and following treatment. The target population includes ASIA A, B or C-level SCI
subjects at least one year post SCI, with clinically significant fatigue and the ability to
provide consent, aged between 19 and 65 years. SCI subjects older than 65 years of age will
be excluded due previous research on the effects of L-Carnitine on healthy aging
populations. As L-Carnitine has been shown to have positive effects on various effects of
aging, these older subjects will be excluded to avoid potentially confounding effects.

Subjects with SCI ASIA A, B or C injuries will be identified from the outpatient list of GF
Strong Rehab Centre. Subjects will be initially contacted by letter (letter attached). In
addition, recruitment posters will be posted (poster attached). The research coordinator
will follow-up by telephone to answer any questions or provide further information about the
study, and obtain verbal consent. Given verbal consent, the research coordinator will screen
the potential subject for clinically significant fatigue by orally administering the Fatigue
Severity Scale. Subjects are required to have an average score of 4 or more on the questions
to qualify.

Treatment will consist of the use of 1980 milligrams daily of L-Carnitine over a period of 4
weeks (three 330 mg tablets in the morning and three 330 mg tablets in the evening).

The study is a multiple baseline single subject research design with 4 subjects. Subjects
will be randomly assigned to the different baseline lengths.

Subjects will require 4 study visits with interviews. In addition, subjects will be required
to complete a daily adverse events log and self-reported bi-weekly outcome measures for the
duration of the study. The duration of the study will vary from 10 to 13 weeks.

At least 5 baseline measurements will be taken for each subject prior to the start of
treatment with L-Carnitine. Each subsequent subject will have a progressively longer
baseline period prior to starting treatment with the final subject having 12 baseline
measurements.

The 4 study visits with interview will occur at enrollment (t=0 weeks), at the commencement
of L-Carnitine treatment (t=3, 4, 5 or 6 weeks), at the cessation of L-Carnitine treatment
(t=7, 8, 9 or 10 weeks), and at the cessation of post-treatment follow-ups (t=10, 11, 12 or
13 weeks).

The interviews will include administration of the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form
(SF-36) and the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) tools, measurement of weight and Orthostatic
Hypotension (OH), and a review of changes in subject's medications and access to medical
services prior to starting the study and/or since the last assessment.

The SF-36 and BPI have both been validated in SCI populations. The SF-36 is a widely used
measure of health-related quality of life. One of its domains addresses energy & vitality,
which would further describe the effects of L-Carnitine on the individual. The BPI measures
pain interference, and has been adapted for disabled populations. Its use will further
validate the data from the bi-weekly patient self-reports on pain levels, detailed below.

OH is defined as a decrease in systolic blood pressure of 20 mmHg or more, or in diastolic
blood pressure of 10 mmHg or more, within 3 minutes of sitting up from a supine position. OH
has been shown to be correlated with fatigue. Weight fluctuations may occur due to
treatment, as L-Carnitine has been shown to increase muscle mass and muscular energy. If
these effects are dramatic in our population, this may be a positive or a negative condition
for future treatment of fatigue with L-Carnitine.

During the initial interview only, the following data will also be collected: demographic
information (including age, sex, level of education, marital status, vocational status,
cause of injury, level of injury, completeness of injury- ASIA impairment classification,
and medication list) and the Functional Co-Morbidity Index for Fatigue FCMI-F (including
conditions that may contribute to or affect fatigue such as anemia, sleeping disorders, etc)
will be recorded. FCMI-F information will be obtained by the PI from chart review, or from
the G.F. Strong electronic records, or failing these two, from the subjects' attending
physician.

Bi-weekly, subjects will complete the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), the Centre for
Epidemiologic Studies Depression 10-question Scale (CES-D), the Visual-Analog Scale for Pain
(VAS-P), and a patient fatigue self-report scale (Visual-Analog Scale for Fatigue, VAS-F).
Measurements will be taken on Mondays and Fridays in the morning. All of these tools have
been used by the researchers in previous studies and previously validated in SCI
populations. A log documenting adverse effects will be completed daily with treatment.
Subjects will be provided with lined paper and an explanatory letter (attached) detailing
the requested information for the effects log, which could include provocation, quality,
severity, timing and duration of the effect. On days without adverse effects, subjects will
log "no adverse effects".

These biweekly evaluations will commence 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks before L-Carnitine treatment,
progress throughout the 4 weeks of treatment, and continue for 3 weeks following cessation
of treatment. The research coordinator will contact the subjects by telephone on the
established days each week to ensure compliance. All bi-weekly data will be mailed to the
research lab at GF Strong within days of completion to remove bias from subsequent data.
Subjects will be provided with pre-paid envelopes.