Inclusion Criteria:

- women who had myoma-related symptoms such as menorrhagia, pelvic pressure/pain, or
infertility

- women who were not pregnant at the time of presentation (i.e., negative for urine
pregnancy test or last menstrual period within the last 4 weeks)

- women who were appropriated medical status for laparoscopic surgery (American Society
of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification 1 or 2).

Exclusion Criteria:

- any other uterine or adnexal abnormalities (e.g., abnormal endometrial thickness, and
suspected ovarian or uterine malignancy)

- any sign of genital infection

- presence of submucosal or pedunculated myoma as a dominant myoma

- presence of intramural or subserous myomas of maximum diameter 10 cm based on the
ultrasound, presence of more than 10 myomas

- treatment of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist 2 months before surgery,
or an inability to understand and provide written informed consent.