Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 18-70y

2. Preoperative criteria:

i) non-small cell lung cancer is suspected, ii) no larger than 2cm in maximal
diameter, iii) Center of tumor is located in the outer third of the lung field, iv)
the tumor is not located at middle lobe, v) no hilar and mediastinal lymph node
metastasis, vi)no pure GGO.

3. Intraoperative criteria:

i) Histologically confirmed NSCLC, ii) technically possible to perform any of the
following procedures: lobectomy, segmentectomy, and nodal dissection.

4. No prior ipsilateral thoracotomy (prior diagnostic thoracoscopy is allowed).

5. No prior chemotherapy or radiation therapy for any malignant diseases.

6. Expected postoperative FEV1.0>=800 mL and PaO2>=65 torr.

7. Performance status of 0 or 1.

8. Sufficient organ functions.

9. preoperative body temperature is 38C or less

10. Written informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Active bacterial or fungous infection.

2. Simultaneous or metachronous (within the past 5 years) double cancers.

3. Women during pregnancy or breast-feeding.

4. Interstitial pneumonitis, pulmonary fibrosis, or severe pulmonary emphysema.

5. Psychosis.

6. Systemic steroids medication.

7. Uncontrollable diabetes mellitus.

8. Uncontrollable hypertension.

9. History of severe heart disease, heart failure, myocardial infarction within the past
6 months or attack of angina pectoris within the past 6 months.