INTERACT STUDY

Inclusion Criteria:

- Histologically confirmed primary adenocarcinoma of the rectum.

- Tumour within 12 cm of the anal verge by proctoscopic examination or within 10 cm of
the anorectal ring by MRI.

- Clinical stages (UICC 1997): cT2N0-2 low located tumour, cT3 N0-2.

- Resectable disease at the routine examination.

- Age > 18 years.

- Karnofsky Performance Status > 60.

- WBC > 4,000 cells/ml, platelets > 100,000 cells/ml.

- Provision of written informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

- Evidence of metastatic (M1) disease. If there were any suspicious findings (i.e.
liver metastasis, lung nodule, retroperitoneal adenopathy, etc.) the patient is to be
considered as ineligible, unless malignancy is ruled out by tissue documentation
(biopsy) before trial therapy is started.

- Previous chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or radiation therapy to the pelvis.

- Multiple primary cancers involving both the colon and rectum that would preclude a
patient from being classified as having only rectal cancer.

- Incomplete healing from or other surgery.

- Active inflammatory bowel disease.

- Other co-existing malignancies or malignancies diagnosed within the last 5 years with
the exception of basal cell carcinoma or cervical cancer in situ.

- Cardiovascular disease with a New York Heart Association Functional Status > 2.

- Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) < 4 x 108/L or platelets < 50 x 108/L.

- Measured Creatinine clearance less than 65ml/min. (no drug dose reduction for lower
GFR is allowed).

- ALT or AST > 2.5 times the ULRR

- Pregnancy or breastfeeding (women of child-bearing potential).

- Any evidence of severe or uncontrolled systemic disease (e.g. unstable or
uncompensated respiratory, cardiac, hepatic or renal disease).

- Any other significant clinical disorder or laboratory finding that makes it
undesirable for the patient to participate in the trial.

LEADER STUDY

Inclusion Criteria

- Stage at the diagnosis: cT3N0. T3 patients at the diagnosis with 3 or less enlarged
nodes, evaluated by imaging, and without evidence of the same nodes after
radiochemotherapy, could be accrued according to Center decision, but will be
analyzed separately.

- Patients with cT2N0, low located tumour, otherwise candidates to a Miles surgical
procedure, treated by neoadjuvant chemoradiation and with written consensus;

- Major clinical response after chemoradiation, yT0-1N0; yT2N0 could be accrued
according to Center decision, but will be analyzed separately.

- Circumferential extension less than 2 quarters;

- Deep ulcer < 2 cm of diameter;

- Provision of written informed consent;

- Biopsies are discouraged for the higher risk of following fistulae in irradiated
rectum;

Exclusion Criteria:

- pT3;

- Positive margins;

- TRG 3-5;

- Major adverse features: lymphatic vessel invasion, vascular vessel invasion,
perineural invasion;