Inclusion Criteria:

For Screening group (normal colonoscopy & colonic polyps):

- asymptomatic, 50-75 year old, without personal or family history of CRC/polyps

- asymptomatic, 40-75 year old, known personal or first-degree family history of
either CRC or polyps

For Cancer group:

- any patient with diagnosis of colorectal cancer

- any patient with diagnosis of prostate cancer

- any patient with diagnosis of breast cancer

Exclusion Criteria:

For screening group:

- hematochezia

- inflammatory bowel disease

- on anticoagulation for reasons other than atrial fibrillation

- significant co-morbidities

For Cancer group:

- already had neoadjuvant treatment at time of urine collection

- no invasive cancer at time of urine collection