Inclusion Criteria:

- adult (i.e. at least 21 years of age) ambulatory surgery patients, with a duration of
1-4 hours

- able to understand, read, and write in English, are ASA physical status 1-3, and are
high risk PDNV patients (with 3 or more of the following risk factors:

- female gender

- age < 50

- history of PONV and/or currently prone to motion sickness, and expectation of post-op
opioid use).

Exclusion Criteria:

- patients not at high risk for PDNV (as described above)

- patients <21 years of age

- planned inpatient surgical patients

- planned total intravenous anesthesia, sedation, or regional technique without inhaled
anesthetic

- inability to provide informed consent in English

- pregnant or breastfeeding

- persistent and/or current nausea/vomiting.