PURO - An Open-label, Randomised, Multicentre, Phase II Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Chemotherapy With Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Combination With the EGF Receptor Antibody Panitumumab (GemCisP) Versus GemCis in the First-line Therapy of Locally Advanced/Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma in Patients With Wild-type HRAS
Mutation of ras oncogenes is frequently observed in human tumours and occurs in
approximately 30% of all cancer types. Frequent mutation "hot spots" occur in codon 12
(glycine to valine), codon 13 (glycine to cysteine) and codon 61 (glutamine to arginine,
lysine and leucine) (Bonner et al. 1993, Levesque et al. 1993). Point mutations in ras genes
result in blockade of intrinsic GTPase activity, the physiological mechanism that switches
off ras GTPases. The consequence is persistent up-regulation of the signal pathway and
increased cell proliferation. The first HRAS mutation in association with bladder cancer was
described during establishment of the human urinary bladder carcinoma cell line T24. In
further studies, a research group led by Fitzgerald was able to demonstrate that HRAS gene
mutations were present in the urine sediment of up to 44% of patients with urinary bladder
cancer (Fitzgerald et al. 1995).
Viola et al. subsequently investigated whether an increased mutation rate is accompanied by
increased expression of ras proteins in bladder cancer. It was shown that there is indeed
increased expression of ras proteins in dedifferentiated tumours and carcinomas in situ,
whereas highly differentiated tumours do not exhibit this rate of expression (Viola et al.
1985).
At present, there is no clinical evidence, that the findings of an obvious lack of activity
of EGFR antibodies in colorectal cancer with RAS-related mutations, is likewise valid in
urothelial carcinoma. However, as it is the aim of this study to detect a first signal of
activity in this type of cancer, and the chance of missing such evidence in a phase II trial
with limited patient numbers is high anyway, it seems sensible, not to miss this opportunity
of "enrichment". In case of a clearly positive signal of efficacy in the present trial, a
subsequent phase II study may focus on HRAS mutated tumors.
Overexpression of the EGF receptor in bladder cancer has been described by many research
groups (Colquhuon & Mellon, 2002) and is associated with an advanced stage of the tumour,
progression of the tumour and a poor clinical prognosis. The EGFR antibody cetuximab
(Erbitux®) has been investigated in a human urothelial carcinoma cell line and in a mouse
model with human bladder carcinoma. Cetuximab was found to inhibit tumorigenesis and
metastatic progression in vivo and in vitro by means of suppression of angiogenesis and
simultaneous induction of apoptosis (Perotte et al., 1999; Inoue et al., 2000). Similar
results have also been reported in urothelial carcinoma for the tyrosine kinase inhibitor
gefitinib (Villares et al., 2007, Shrader et al., 2007).
There are currently two on-going studies of cetuximab in metastatic bladder cancer: a
randomised phase II study of first-line treatment with Gemcitabine and Cisplatin +/- Erbitux
(NCT00645593) and a randomised phase II study of second-line treatment with Erbitux +/-
Paclitaxel (NCT00350025).
The HRAS mutation rate in urothelial carcinoma is approximately 40%. The primary objective
of the study is to assess the efficacy of the combination consisting of
gemcitabine/cisplatin and panitumumab in patients with wild-type HRAS (non-mutated status).
The progression-free survival rate at 12 months will be compared to expectations derived
from historical data, which are verified by a randomised control group without the antibody.
Interventional
Allocation: Randomized, Endpoint Classification: Safety/Efficacy Study, Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment, Masking: Open Label, Primary Purpose: Treatment
Primary end point: Progression-free survival rate after 12 months.
12 months
No
Kurt Miller, Prof. Dr.
Principal Investigator
Universitätsmedizin Charité Berlin, Klinik für Urologie
Germany: Paul-Ehrlich-Institut
WiSP_AG48
NCT01374789
July 2010
July 2014
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