Inclusion Criteria

Inclusion criteria:

- Consecutive patients undergoing elective laparoscopic resection of colonic and upper
rectal cancer,

- Age of patients between 18 and 75 years

- Patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists grading I-II

- Patients with no severe physical disability

- Patients who require no assistance with the activities of daily living

- Informed consent available

Exclusion criteria:

- Patients undergoing laparoscopic low anterior resection with total mesorectal
excision, abdominoperineal resection, or total/proctocolectomy

- Patients with planned stoma creation

- Patients undergoing emergency surgery

- Patients with known metastatic disease

- Patients with previous history of abdominal surgery

- Patients with known immunological dysfunction

- Patients who are taking steroids or immunosuppressive agents

- Patients with chronic pain syndrome