Inclusion Criteria

Inclusion Criteria :

- Pathologically proven diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the rectum (located within 8㎝
above the anal verge)

- Locally advanced and curatively resectable tumor(cT3-4 classification) evaluated with
magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) with or without transrectal ultrasonography(TRUS)

- Age ≥18

- Performance Status(ECOG) 0-2

- CBC/differential obtained within 14 days prior to registration on study, with
adequate bone marrow function defined as follows: Hemoglobin ≥ 10 g/dl, Absolute
neutrophil count(ANC) ≥ 1,500 cells/㎣, Platelets ≥ 100,000cells/㎣

- Metabolic panel within 14 days prior to registration on study, with adequate liver
and renal function defined as follows: AST and ALT ≤ 60 IU/L, bilirubin ≤ 1.5 mg/dl,
serum creatinine ≤ 1.5 mg/dl

- Patient must provide study-specific informed consent prior to study entry

Exclusion Criteria :

- Any evidence of distant metastases(M1)

- Prior invasive malignancy (except non-melanomatous skin cancer and uterine cervical
cancer in situ) unless disease free to a minimum of 3 years

- Hereditary rectal cancer; Familial adenomatous polyposis(FAP), Hereditary
non-polyposis colorectal cancer(HNPCC), etc.

- Impending obstruction (except the case with colostomy)

- Severe, active comorbidity inappropriate to CRT as follows; Acute bacterial or fungal
infection, transmural myocardial infarction within the last 6 months, unstable
arrhythmia, angina and/or congestive heart failure, unstable arrhythmia

- Pregnancy or women of childbearing potential who are sexually active and not
willing/able to use medically acceptable forms of contraception

- Unresected synchronous colon carcinoma

- Clinically unresectable rectal cancer