Trial Information

Medical Research Council Working Party on Leukaemia in Children UK National Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) Trial

OBJECTIVES:

- Compare the effects of oral prednisolone vs oral dexamethasone on remission rate,
event-free survival, and overall survival of children with acute lymphoblastic
leukemia.

- Compare the effect of oral mercaptopurine (MP) vs oral thioguanine (TG) on remission
rate, event-free survival, and overall survival of this patient population.

- Assess the effect of a schedule concentrating on tight control of maintenance therapy,
compensating where necessary for constitutional drug resistance and avoiding poor
physician or patient compliance, on event-free survival of these patients.

- Compare the pharmacokinetics of MP and TG in these patients.

- Collect data on the presence or absence of minimal residual disease in serial bone
marrow samples to assess its clinical importance.

OUTLINE: This is a randomized, multicenter study. Patients are randomized twice during the
study: prednisolone vs dexamethasone and mercaptopurine vs thioguanine. Patients are
initially stratified according to risk status (standard vs intermediate vs high). Patients
are stratified at the second randomization according to gender, age (under 2 years vs 2 to 9
years vs over 9 years), WBC (under 50,000/mm^3 vs over 50,000/mm^3), steroid allocation, and
early response (slow vs rapid).

Patients with verified CNS disease receive weekly intrathecal (IT) methotrexate until 2
consecutive clear cerebrospinal fluid samples have been obtained. Cranial radiotherapy is
administered over 15-21 days during weeks 5-8 concurrently with methotrexate IT in the
appropriate regimen. Following radiotherapy, these patients receive monthly methotrexate IT
for 1 year and then every 3 months until the end of therapy.

Patients with testicular infiltration receive additional radiation fractions daily for 12
days to both testes during weeks 5-8.

Regimen A (standard-risk patients)

- Remission induction: Patients receive the assigned oral steroid (prednisolone or
dexamethasone) twice a day on days 1-28; vincristine IV on days 1, 8, 15, and 22; and
asparaginase IM three days a week for 9 doses beginning on day 4. Patients also receive
cytarabine IT on day 1 and methotrexate IT on day 8.

- If bone marrow is M3 at day 15 or M2 at day 29, therapy continues on regimen C.
Otherwise, patient continues on regimen A.

- Consolidation: Patients taper the assigned steroid over days 29-35, plus receive
vincristine IV on day 29 and methotrexate IT on days 29, 36, 43, and 50. Patients also
receive oral thiopurine (mercaptopurine or thioguanine) on days 29-56.

- Interim maintenance I: Patients receive the assigned oral steroid twice a day on days
57-61 and 85-89 plus vincristine IV on days 57 and 85. Patients also receive the
assigned oral thiopurine on days 57-105 and oral methotrexate on days 57, 64, 71, 78,
85, 92, 99, and 106.

- Delayed intensification I: Patients receive oral dexamethasone twice a day on days
113-119 and 127-133, plus vincristine IV and daunorubicin IV over 6 hours on days 113,
120, and 127. Patients also receive asparaginase IM three days a week for 6 doses
beginning on day 114 or 115 and methotrexate IT on day 113. Cyclophosphamide IV over 30
minutes is administered on day 141. Patients also receive oral thioguanine on days
141-154, cytarabine IV or subcutaneously (SC) twice a day on days 142-145 and 149-152,
and methotrexate IT on days 141 and 148.

- Interim maintenance II: Patients receive the assigned oral steroid twice a day on days
162-166 and 190-194 and vincristine IV on days 162 and 190. Patients also receive the
assigned oral thiopurine on days 162-210 and oral methotrexate on days 162, 169, 176,
183, 190, 197, 204, and 211.

- Delayed intensification II: Patients receive oral dexamethasone on days 218-224 and
239-245; vincristine IV and doxorubicin IV over 6 hours on days 218, 225, and 232; and
methotrexate IT on day 218. Asparaginase IM is administered three days a week for 6
doses beginning on day 219 or 220. Patients then receive cyclophosphamide IV over 30
minutes on day 246, oral thioguanine on days 246-259, cytarabine IV or SC on days
247-250 and 254-257, and methotrexate IT on days 246 and 253.

- Maintenance: Treatment is given as a 12-week course for 6 courses (girls) or 11 courses
(boys). Patients receive the assigned oral steroid twice a day on days 1-5, 29-33, and
57-61 of each course, vincristine IV on days 1, 29, and 57 of each course, and the
assigned oral thiopurine daily during each course. Methotrexate IT is administered to
girls on day 1 of each course and on day 84 of course 6, while boys receive 1 dose on
day 1 of course 11. Patients also receive oral methotrexate on days 8, 15, 22, 29, 36,
43, 50, 57, 64, 71, and 78 of each course.

Regimen B (intermediate-risk patients)

- Remission induction: Patients receive the assigned oral steroid, vincristine, and
asparaginase as in regimen A remission induction. Patients also receive daunorubicin IV
over 6 hours on days 1, 8, 15, and 22; cytarabine IT on day 1; and methotrexate IT on
day 8.

- If bone marrow is M3 at day 8 or M2 at day 29, therapy continues on regimen C.
Otherwise, patient continues on regimen B.

- Consolidation: The assigned steroid is tapered over days 29-35. Patients also receive
cyclophosphamide IV over 30 minutes on days 29 and 43; cytarabine IV or SC on days
30-33, 37-40, 44-47, and 51-54; oral mercaptopurine on days 29-56; and methotrexate IT
on days 29, 36, 43, and 50.

- Patients with M1 or M2 bone marrow on day 64 proceed to interim maintenance I.

- Interim maintenance I: Patients receive the assigned steroid, vincristine, the assigned
thiopurine, and oral methotrexate as in regimen A. Patients also receive methotrexate
IT on days 64 and 92.

- Delayed intensification I: Patients receive oral dexamethasone on days 120-126 and
134-140, plus vincristine IV and doxorubicin IV over 6 hours on days 120, 127, and 134.
Patients also receive asparaginase IM three days a week for 6 doses beginning on day
121 or 122 and methotrexate IT on day 120. Patients then receive cyclophosphamide IV
over 30 minutes on day 148, oral thioguanine on days 148-161, cytarabine IV or SC on
days 149-152 and 156-159, and methotrexate IT on days 148 and 155.

- Interim maintenance II: Patients receive the assigned oral steroid twice a day on days
169-173 and 197-201; vincristine IV on days 169 and 197; the assigned oral thiopurine
on days 169-217; oral methotrexate on days 176, 183, 190, 197, 204, and 211; and
methotrexate IT on days 169 and 197.

- Delayed intensification II: Patients receive oral dexamethasone on days 225-231 and
239-245; vincristine IV and doxorubicin IV over 6 hours on days 225, 232, and 239; and
methotrexate IT on day 225. Asparaginase IM is administered three days a week for 6
doses beginning on day 226 or 227. Patients then receive cyclophosphamide IV over 30
minutes on day 253, oral thioguanine on days 253-266, cytarabine IV or SC on days
253-256 and 260-263, and methotrexate IT on days 253 and 260.

- Maintenance: Treatment is administered as in regimen A.

Regimen C (Slow early response to regimen A or B OR high-risk patients)

- Remission induction for patients switching from regimen A: Patients continue assigned
oral steroid for a total of 35 days. Patients also receive vincristine IV on days 15,
22, and 29, and daunorubicin IV over 6 hours on days 15 and 22. Asparaginase IM is
administered 3 days a week for 6 doses. Patients receive methotrexate IT on day 29
(patients with CNS disease also receive doses on days 15 and 22).

- Remission induction for patients switching from regimen B: Patients continue assigned
oral steroid for a total of 35 days. Patients also receive vincristine IV and
daunorubicin IV over 6 hours on days 8, 15, and 22. Asparaginase IM continues three
days a week for up to 6 doses. Patients also receive methotrexate IT on day 29
(patients with CNS disease also receive doses on days 14 and 21).

- Consolidation: Patients receive cyclophosphamide IV over 30 minutes on days 36 and 64;
cytarabine IV or SC on days 37-40, 44-47, 65-68, and 72-75; oral mercaptopurine on days
36-49 and 64-77; vincristine IV on days 50, 57, 78, and 85; pegaspargase IM on days 50
and 78; and methotrexate IT on days 36, 43, 50, and 57.

- Interim maintenance I: Patients receive vincristine IV and methotrexate IV on days 99,
109, 119, 129, and 139. Pegaspargase IM is administered on days 100 and 110 and
methotrexate IT is administered on days 99 and 129 (patients with CNS disease do not
receive the dose on day 129).

- Patients with M1 or M2 bone marrow proceed to delayed intensification I.

- Delayed intensification I:

- Reinduction: Patients receive vincristine IV and doxorubicin IV over 6 hours on
days 162, 169, and 176; oral dexamethasone twice a day on days 162-168 and 176-82;
methotrexate IT on day 162; and pegaspargase IM on day 165.

- Reconsolidation: Patients receive cyclophosphamide IV over 30 minutes on day 190,
oral thioguanine on days 190-203, cytarabine IV or SC on days 191-194 and 197-200,
vincristine IV on days 204 and 211, and pegaspargase IM on day 204. Methotrexate
IT is administered on days 190 and 197 (patients with CNS disease do not receive
the dose on day 197).

- Interim maintenance II: Patients receive vincristine IV and methotrexate IV on days
218, 228, 238, 248, and 258. Pegaspargase IM is administered on days 219 and 239.
Patients also receive methotrexate IT on days 218 and 248 (patients with CNS disease do
not receive the dose on day 248).

- Delayed intensification II:

- Reinduction: Patients receive vincristine IV and doxorubicin IV over 6 hours on
days 274, 281, and 288; oral dexamethasone twice a day on days 274-280 and
288-294; methotrexate IT on day 274; and pegaspargase IM on day 277.

- Reconsolidation: Patients receive cyclophosphamide IV over 30 minutes on day 302,
oral thioguanine on days 302-315, cytarabine IV or SC on days 303-306 and 309-312,
and vincristine IV on days 316 and 323.

- Maintenance: Treatment is administered as in regimen A.

PROJECTED ACCRUAL: Approximately 1,800 patients will be accrued for this study within 6
years.